Student Nurse Critical Review of Literature - 2676 Words

2172 words Research is the systematic and rigorous process of enquiry which aims to describe phenomena and to develop explanatory concepts and theories (Bowling 1997). A research question should be feasible, of interest to the researcher, original, relevant and ethically sound (Sim and Wright 2000). Evidence based health care involves the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence about care of individual patients (Sackett et all 1996). In order to approach evidence based care in an evidenced based way the evidence available needs to be reviewed. A health care professional which practices in an evidence based way continues to improve their knowledge base and increase confidence and clinical decision making. One†¦show more content†¦The history of clinical trials dates back to approximately 600 B.C. when Daniel of Judah conducted what is probably the earliest recorded clinical trial. Randomised controlled trials are the most rigorous way of determining whether a cause effect relation exists between treatment and outcome and for assessing the cost effectiveness of a treatment. Many randomised controlled trials involve large sample sizes because many treatments have relatively small effects. The size of the expected effect of the intervention is the main determinant of the sample size necessary to conduct a successful randomized controlled trial. Obtaining statistically significant differences between two samples is easy if large differences are expected. However, the smaller the expected effect of the intervention, the larger the sample size needed to be able to conclude, with enough power, that the differences are unlikely to be due to chance Gould et al (1999) trail was randomised however it was uncontrolled. This kind of clinical trial does not involve a control treatment. Any study that does not have a control group consisting of patients treated and followed up over the same time period as those in a treated group. When research involving human participants is carried out within an institution such as a hospital, formal ethical approval is normally required (Sim and Wright 2000). All participants gave informed consent. InformedShow MoreRelatedNurses Perceptions Of Acute Care Placements1709 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are student nurses perceptions of acute care placements during their educational training? 1.Introduction The aim of this literature review is to explore how student nurses perceive their acute care placements. This chapter will provide information and background on my chosen topic and explain why it is currently relevant. Furthermore is will also explain the aims and objectives of the literature review. 1.1. 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Predicting NCLEX-RN success in a diverse student population. Journal of Nursing Education, 50(5), 261-267. Bosch, P.C., Doshier, S.A., Gess-Newsome, J. (2012). Bilingual nurse education program: Applicant characteristics that predict success. Nursing Education PerspectivesRead MoreThe Death Of A Child1172 Words   |  5 Pagesunfair. Pediatric nurses care for children in high-mortality environments, such as the pediatric intensive care and oncology units and, as a result, are directly affected by childhood death (Papadatou, 2000). Caring for a dying child and their family is an emotionally charged situation (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000; Catlin and Carter, 2001; Stutts and Schloemann, 2002). Nurses spend much time caring for their patients but forget to look after themselves. Caring for the nurse is an often-forgottenRead MoreQualitative Research Article On Pressure Ulcers980 Words   |  4 Pagesskills of scholarship in any discipline† (p. 38). 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Social Changes During The Industrial Revolution - 1539 Words

The Industrial Revolution in Britain led to many social changes for the country as well as its people. Prior to the revolution, many people, especially of the lower class in terms of wealth, lived in the countryside where they worked fields to feed their own families. After the Industrial Revolution began, however, this all changed as the demand for more and more goods became abundant, and a method of increasing the supply was needed. Factories would be built in towns by the upper class business owners, and peasants would move into these towns to work in the factories. Small factory towns would later become factory cities, and most of the citizens of these cities were the people that worked in the factories. The living conditions in these cities were horrendous, and the working conditions were terrible as well. People of all ages worked in the factories, and some children as young as six would work twelve to sixteen hours – and sometimes more – each day. 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As a result, the socioeconomic climate and cultural aspects of Europe and North America were altered in an unprecedented manner. Industrial opportunities also lured the population away from agrarian lifestyles to more urban populaces. The Industrial Revolution extensively changed

NCOs in the American Army Free Essays

Our work aims to research the role of NCOs in the American army in 1775-1865. NCO   means non-commissioned officer in United States Army, it’s the same as sergeant (Allen 118). Within the context of the Army rank system, however, there were often mitigating circumstances and a maze of variables that altered the hierarchy and the privileges associated with rank. We will write a custom essay sample on NCOs in the American Army or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the rank structure was essentially rigid, occasionally a â€Å"billet† or specific job could be of greater importance for the actual display of power. For example, a commander of any rank was shown more respect and admiration than a staff officer of the same rank. Commanders were often given special privileges because of their positions rather than their rank. Additionally, officers of lower rank and some enlisted soldiers sometimes had responsibilities that provided them with more respect, or at least more power. For example, an enlisted soldier who was post quartermaster wielded unusual power due to his ability to determine who received coveted government supplies and equipment. However, regardless of the billet or display of power, the enlisted soldier who temporarily held the reins of power within a certain area never ascended to the higher social class of the officers. Social standing–or class association–was never altered by mere power or position. The enlisted soldier who was the quartermaster was still regarded as a member of the enlisted ranks and thus part of the lower class. On the Western frontier the Army’s rank system remained unremittingly intact because it was the only structure there was. The post commander was the supreme authority in all matters, and every form of official military etiquette was respected and enforced. This disparity between officers and NCOs disappeared only very slowly as one moved up the rank structure, and it was a very foolish battalion commander who angers his own or a higher commander’s sergeant major. At battalion level the sergeant major served a useful unifying function, assisted the commander in dealing with troops and serving as a trainer for the unit’s first sergeants. Above battalion, command sergeants major interfered with subordinate units, contradict local command guidance, and provided a disruptive back-channel for political maneuvering by NCOs dissatisfied with their commanders or their positions in life.So officer could place himself under the tutelage of his senior NCOs and act, in effect, as his platoon sergeant’s subordinate and as the unit’s mascot. The main task of NCOs was train   soldiers. Ideally, all cadets should be prior-service enlisted personnel, and those who are not should go through a regular-style basic training course, with regular drill sergeants, among normal trainees. At least in the past, trainees have often been terrified of the Army, particularly in the early weeks. They are also physically tired during basic training and only want to relax or perhaps explore their new environment during their off-duty time. Recruits do not know each other well enough at this period to develop the relations of trust and affection that are necessary for organizing a resistance movement. The Army appears to watch the trainees most closely during basic training, and it seems to give noncommissioned officers ( NCOs) and officers more license to use their power and authority than at nearly any other time during a soldier’s experience in the Army. The NCOs keep a close watch for possible chargeable offenses, and there are many extra, stiffer inspections and vague threats of violence. In marches, the resisting soldier is continually called for being out of step, even if he is marching perfectly. Physical exercise is also used as a punishment. Officer couldn’t holler at nobody.   And if he didn’t get the job done, the man who didn’t do the job, they didn’t say nothing to the private over there. They ask the NCO why the job didn’t get done. Many times there is a conflict between loyal service to one’s immediate commander and improving one’s image with his boss. The senior rater is rarely directly aware of a junior officer’s work. This leads to another baneful effect, perhaps as crippling as any already discussed. Although the senior rater may have his own opinion of the junior officer, and will take the immediate rater’s assessment into account, there is another source of input. That is the information fed to him by other members of the unit, including the rated officer’s subordinates or, if he is a staff officer, people who are subject to his inspection. Many â€Å"subordinates,† such as senior NCOs, actually have far more prestige and credibility than the rated captain or lieutenant. Many times the senior rating amounts to nothing less than a peer or subordinate rating. A lieutenant or a company commander who has a bright idea is seen as trying to override his NCOs or to step on what they conceive to be their territory. While the rated officer’s immediate boss may appreciate his innovations or unusual accomplishments, the senior rater will hear a lot more from the many wounded parties involved. The senior rating becomes a means of social control. Battles are not won by leaders who have adjusted to this kind of groupthink. This is probably why 49 percent of army officers felt that â€Å"the bold, creative officer could not survive† in the army. In the American army NCOs   allowed to take some responsibility in organizing the men, such as during recreation. This technique has the advantages of giving subordinates the experience in leadership they will need should the officer be missing and creates for them a more extensive sense of commitment to the unit. NCOs who take an interest in their squads have had an enormous effect in boosting morale and in creating a link to the officer.   NCOs are always to be backed up and never criticized in front of the men. Officers are less subject to the normative pull of enlisted men and hence do not suffer the conflicts between enlisted men’s expectations and military expectations to the extent that NCOs do. Good relations with NCOs is a mark of a professionalized officer. When American soldiers went in combat action, they listen to their NCOs. Sergeants   are the ones who know what’s going on and they could give officers a lot of help. In combat the officer in charge of the company, the company commander, is a commissioned officer who is likely to have little close contact with the men. He is concerned with logistics, but he is not primarily concerned with assessing morale. That information he gets from his senior NCOs, who are in close contact with the soldiers and are enlisted men themselves. Thus an NCO must have a great deal of experience in combat, whereas the officer need not have so much field experience. This is why the Army can function with a man in a higher command position. The Army places great importance on these morale indicators. They are easily observed and thought to be valid measures of leadership abilities and are therefore important in the evaluation of officers and NCOs for promotion. Many officers and NCOs respond to their accountability by trying to boost the indicators while paying little attention to the proper leadership techniques. Morale is the cornerstone of professional paternalist control, and paternalists have ways to assess morale; the NCO’s function and the use of indicators come to mind.  American officers consistently proposed less severe corrective action than NCOs.  NCOs became more severe as they grew older and as their length of service increased. Interestingly, officers gave their highest effectiveness ratings to those NCOs who were most punitive and least like themselves. Inspector General’s report, Sergeant Major Robert D. Easterling was scathing about Guard noncommissioned officers in the three roundout brigades called up, including the 48th:  As a whole, the NCO corps within the National Guard Roundout brigades fail to meet the traditional standards expected of NCOs†¦. Most of the NCOs do not demonstrate an understanding or use of leadership principles. Although the NCO may know his strengths and weaknesses, countless interviews with NCOs reveal no real desire to seek self-improvement. The NCOs see no incentive to put forth additional effort for self-improvement†¦. Most immediate supervisors do not understand the need to care for their subordinates’ physical and safety needs, as well as the need to discipline and reward them fairly†¦. There is little evidence NCOs in the brigades strive to develop a sense of responsibility in their subordinates (Appendix D 64). Those not in units will perform meaningful staff work and a decision will be made regarding a â€Å"command track† for those who are gifted with soldier leadership skills. When a combat arms officer or NCO scrambles to get back in a unit, then we will know that the culture is correct. Officers and NCOs who have relied for years on coercive techniques may experience a great deal of stress as the Army limits their techniques. They feel discipline is eroding and that new soldiers will be ineffective and vulnerable to great losses in combat. Works Cited Page Allen,   Edward Frank. Allen’s Dictionary of Abbreviations and Symbols. New York: Coward-McCann, 1946. Mackesy, Piers. The War for America: 1775-1783. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. â€Å"Special Assessment Dept. of the Army,† Appendix D,1965. Volo, Dorothy Denneen. Daily Life during the American Revolution. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2003. Werner , Herman O. Men in Arms: A History of Warfare and Its Interrelationships with Western Society. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1956. How to cite NCOs in the American Army, Essay examples